through unwanted memories, nightmares, flashbacks

occur after exposure to traumatic reminders

whether thoughts, feelings, or external reminders

• Inability to recall key features of the trauma

• Negative thoughts and assumptions about oneself or the world

• Exaggerated self-blame or blaming of others for causing the trauma

• Increase in negative moods (anxiety, depression, anger, guilt, shame, irritability)

• Feeling isolated

• Decreased interest in activities

• Difficulty experiencing pleasant emotions

• Irritability or aggression

• Risky or destructive behaviour

• Excessive sensitivity to surroundings and constantly assessing for potential threats to safety (i.e., hypervigilance)

• Heightened startle reaction

• Difficulty sleeping

• Trouble concentrating